There had been warning signs before radar and communications systems went dark at the facility that manages the airspace around Newark Liberty International Airport, according to an air traffic controller who was on duty during one of those failures.
Still, their first reaction was shock.
"It was like disbelief. And then it was just like fury, honestly, like how could they have us working this, you know?," said the controller, who works in Philadelphia TRACON Area C, which manages the airspace around Newark. They asked NPR not to use their name because they're not authorized to speak publicly and are worried about retaliation from their employer, the Federal Aviation Administration.
"We had had other outages prior to that point that demonstrated to us that our equipment was unreliable," the controller said in an interview this week. Those earlier incidents were alarming enough, the controller says, that controllers handling Newark asked the FAA to reduce the number of planes in the airspace.
"We would ask them for less airplanes, and they would tell us no," they said.
Now regulators are taking those concerns more seriously. This week the FAA capped the number of flights in and out of Newark at 56 per hour, a cut of about 15%.
The new limits in Newark come after a harrowing month for travelers at one of the nation's busiest airports — and for the air traffic controllers who work the airspace around it. Radar and communication systems stopped working on at least three occasions, once for as long as 90 seconds, since April 28.
The incidents have raised big questions about how the air traffic control mess in Newark got as bad as it did, and what it will take to fix an aging air traffic control system. And they prompted one air traffic controller to share their perspective in an interview with NPR this week.
"We're overstretched, we're understaffed, we're all stressed out. Our equipment doesn't work," the controller said. "It's just not sustainable."
Transportation Secretary Sean Duffy insists that limiting that pace of arrivals and departures in Newark will help.
"I believe the system is safe. There are multiple redundancies throughout the system that keep people safe," Duffy said during a Senate committee hearing last week. "The key is not efficiency, the key is safety."
In a sense, Newark is suffering from the same problems as the entire air traffic control system in the U.S.: decades of underinvestment in aging communications systems, and a staffing shortage of more than 3,000 air traffic controllers nationwide.
But according to this controller, the recent problems are also unique to Newark — and many of them stem from the way the FAA moved the air traffic controllers who work the Newark airspace from Long Island, N.Y., to Philadelphia last year.
"We have issues FAA-wide. Those things are true. However this particular situation was a self-inflicted FAA decision to move us out of New York. We did not have these issues when we were in New York," they said. "So you're trying to make it seem like, well, the FAA is in shambles and that's why Newark is this problem. No, Newark is this problem because you moved us out of New York without a real plan."
The FAA did not respond directly to the controller's allegations. But the agency says moving control of the Newark airspace to Philadelphia was necessary to keep up with demand in some of the nation's busiest airspace.
"This has been meant to get us healthy on a staffing level," said Michael Whitaker, former FAA administrator during the Biden administration, said at a press conference in November. "With this move, we're able to relieve the stress in New York and improve controller staffing levels by recruiting and training controllers in Philadelphia."
For years, the FAA had been talking about moving control of the Newark airspace out of New York TRACON on Long Island, which handles the airspace around LaGuardia Airport and John F. Kennedy International Airport, the other two major airports in the area.
The FAA was having trouble hiring enough controllers to staff the facility on Long Island, due in part to the low rate of training success there, according to the agency. And the controllers who did work there consistently earned a lot of money through overtime.
Eventually, the FAA decided to move the air traffic controllers who handle Newark to Philadelphia, where the cost of living is lower and it would be easier to recruit. The agency offered bonuses of $100,000 to incentivize controllers to move. Still, some did not like the idea because they had friends and families in New York.
"I get it in a sense why they're like, well, let's move it somewhere else," the controller told NPR. "But I feel like the way that they went about it was really haphazard. It was really reckless, honestly. And it was also a little bit cruel to us as people, as the controllers who they moved."
There had been 33 certified air traffic controllers working the Newark airspace on Long Island, and two dozen of them made the move last summer to Philadelphia.
From the beginning, there were concerns about how the move would work from a technical standpoint, one of the controllers told NPR.
"It didn't seem like they had thought out all of the elements of the move and how things would work fully because, you know, we would start asking them questions. Well, what about the equipment? How are you hooking this up? How is this going to work? And we did not get satisfying answers," they said.
Still, the controller says they tried to keep an open mind. But even they were surprised at how badly it's gone.
"It's been worse of a disaster than even the most cynical people in the union predicted," the controller said. "It's been a debacle."
The FAA says it is working on an expedited plan to install new fiber optic lines to replace the copper wires that are still in use in some places, and is also adding new backup systems to help with technical issues in Newark.
Secretary Duffy has announced a plan to "supercharge" the hiring of new air traffic controllers, but the reality is it takes years to train them. And the shortage of controllers is especially acute in Philadelphia, where some controllers have taken trauma leave to recover from the psychological impact of the recent outages.
"We are at our limit. Our families are telling us, you need a break. Like our friends are telling us, you don't seem OK. We are all at that point," said the controller we spoke to. "You can tell that people are breaking down. You can see the misery when people show up to work. There have been grown men crying in the parking lot on their breaks because of our work conditions."
The combination of technical outages and staffing shortages has forced airlines to cancel, delay or redirect hundreds of flights. The problems have disproportionately affected United Airlines, which has a major hub in Newark. And United CEO Scott Kirby put some of the blame on air traffic controllers in a public message to customers.
"Unfortunately, the technology issues were compounded as over 20% of the FAA controllers for EWR walked off the job," Kirby wrote.
The union that represents air traffic controllers disputes that any walked off the job, saying they are entitled to take time off before going back to work on equipment that failed.
"What we must do now is modernize the system, give the air traffic controllers the equipment they deserve, and not blame them for the issues that they're seeing," said Nick Daniels, the president of the National Air Traffic Controllers Association, in an interview.
Other air traffic controllers took issue with Kirby's comments, too.
"I don't expect for anyone to weep over us," said the Newark airspace controller who spoke to NPR. "We get paid more than a lot of people get paid to do this. But we are under immense stress every single day."
Since these recent outages, aviation experts have insisted it is safe to fly in and out of Newark. But Transportation Secretary Duffy says he'd advised his wife to change her flight from Newark to LaGuardia — not because it was unsafe, Duffy said, but because she needed to get where she was going on time.
The Newark controller told NPR they would not use the airport, either.
"My best friend asked me the other day, like, 'I got a Newark flight, is it going to be fine?,'" they said. "I was like, no, don't fly out of Newark. Like, at the very least you're going to be delayed. But no, like, I've had to book flights and Newark is the cheapest and most convenient option, nine times out of ten. And I'm not going to do it."
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