Amid growing signs that health care overhaul legislation will do little to "bend the cost curve" in the coming decade, lawmakers and administration officials are considering tougher steps to rein in costly entitlement programs and address mounting concerns about soaring deficits.
One approach attracting widespread attention calls for the creation of a bipartisan commission to draft proposals to control the long-term costs of Medicare, Medicaid and Social Security. Together, the three programs account for 40 percent of all federal spending, other than interest on the debt.
The recommendations of the proposed commission would command a swift up or down vote by Congress. Senate Budget Committee Chairman Kent Conrad, D-N.D., and Republican Sen. Judd Gregg of New Hampshire, the chief authors of the proposal, say they may attempt to attach it to must-pass legislation raising the government's debt ceiling in the coming weeks.
"My concern is the trajectory of our deficits and debt are completely unsustainable and that [while] health care reform helps, it is not sufficient" to control runaway entitlement spending, Conrad said in an interview. "We've got to do much more, and I don't believe it will happen in the regular order. I think it requires a special process."
The simple fact is that these are the types of issues which require people to join hands and jump off the political cliff together, or else it doesn't get done.
Christina D. Romer, chair of the president's Council of Economic Advisers, said Monday the White House was interested in the Conrad-Gregg proposal and other ideas floated by Sen. Evan Bayh, D-Ind., to create an entitlement commission next year, despite some disappointments in such panels in the past. But for now, she said, the administration's primary focus is on passing a health care overhaul bill that would extend coverage to the uninsured but also impose discipline on health care expenditures.
"That's the most constructive thing we can do to deal with the long-run budget deficit," Romer told reporters after a speech before the Center for American Progress. "What we're going to need besides that going forward, there certainly is the Conrad-Gregg Commission idea."
Record deficit, and growing
The government ended the 2009 fiscal year Sept. 30 with a record $1.4 trillion budget deficit, according to the Treasury and the Office of Management and Budget, and is on track to accumulate deficits totaling $9 trillion by 2019. While administration spending in response to the recession and financial meltdown helped drive up the fiscal 2009 deficit, most of the future problems will be due to rapid rises in entitlement spending on Medicare and Social Security for seniors and Medicaid for the poor and disabled.
U.S. public and private health expenditures are expected to reach $2.5 trillion this year and account for 17.6 percent of the GDP, according to an analysis of the National Coalition on Health Care, a nonpartisan alliance. By 2018, national health care expenditures are projected to soar to $4.4 trillion.
In addition, national health care spending will increase faster than the growth in the nation's economy. Between now and 2018, the average increase in national health expenditures is projected at 6.2 percent a year, compared to a 4.1 percent annual rise in GDP, according to the health care coalition study.
Obama administration officials have vigorously defended the massive government spending over the past year to bail out Wall Street and stimulate the economy as a necessary response to the worst recession since the Great Depression. And they have argued that the health care legislation would not add to the deficit but would take the first essential steps toward slowing the rate of growth of health care spending, or "bending the cost curve."
A booming elderly population
The Senate Finance Committee, for example, proposed $404 billion worth of cuts in Medicare and Medicaid over the coming decade; provided funding for comparative effectiveness research, electronic medical record keeping, and proposed an independent Medicare advisory committee to recommend savings measures to Congress.
But many health care experts have discounted the efficacy of those approaches. They warn that, with a fast growing population of elderly citizens, spending on Medicare and Medicaid will exceed the entire Defense budget by 2019.
"I don't think there's anything in the Finance Committee bill that really makes systemic reforms," said Michael D. Tanner, a senior fellow and health care policy expert with the libertarian Cato Institute.
"Even if all that stuff is included, it's a first step," acknowledges James R. Horney, director of federal fiscal policy at the left-leaning Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, a strong advocate of expanded health insurance coverage. "None of these are silver bullets, but over time those are the kinds of steps we will need to take."
Sen. Gregg, the ranking Republican on the Budget Committee, said the Democrats' efforts to extend coverage to millions of uninsured Americans, "creates a brand new entitlement without at the same time controlling the cost and expenditures of existing entitlements," such as Medicare, Medicaid and the Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP).
'Jump off the political cliff together'
The proposed Bipartisan Task Force for Responsible Fiscal Action would operate in a manner similar to the successful Defense Base Closure and Realignment Commission (BRAC) since their recommendations would not be subject to congressional amendments, Gregg said. And because a three-fifths supermajority would be required in both chambers to adopt the recommendations, the two political parties would have to work together to address entitlement reform.
"The simple fact is that these are the types of issues which require people to join hands and jump off the political cliff together, or else it doesn't get done," Gregg said.
Entitlement reform commissions have had varied success. A bipartisan commission appointed in 1983 succeeded in extending the Social Security trust fund's solvency for several generations by raising the retirement age from 65 to 67, imposing a six-month delay in a cost of living adjustment and requiring government employees to pay into Social Security for the first time.
By contrast, there was no bipartisan consensus about what to do to address the long term budgetary challenges of providing health care and retirement benefits to the baby-boom generation when former senators Bob Kerrey, D-Neb., and John C. Danforth, R-Mo., headed up the Commission on Entitlement and Tax Reform in 1994.
Kerrey and Danforth could never muster the 60 percent majority they needed from commission members to send their recommendations on to Congress, and their final report was shelved.
Whether the Conrad-Gregg commission approach would fare any better is open to speculation, but experts agree that real long-term health care and Social Security cost savings would necessitate highly unpopular measures, such as reducing health care benefits and cost-of-living adjustments, boosting taxes and fees, or, in the case of Social Security, raising the eligibility age even higher or increasing payroll taxes.
"Everybody knows what the options are, that's not the problem," said William A. Galston, a senior fellow in governance studies at the Brookings Institution. "People have known for 10 years what the options are. The question is a political question, not an analytical question."
This story was produced through collaboration between NPR and Kaiser Health News (KHN), an editorially independent program of the Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, a nonpartisan health-care policy research organization. The Kaiser Family Foundation is not affiliated with Kaiser Permanente.
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