Germany's Chancellor Angela Merkel says it is her country's responsibility to help anyone fleeing from war: More than a million people have sought asylum in Germany this year, and the German government has been generous in welcoming many of them.
At the same time, officials are stepping up deportations, targeting migrants from countries the German government considers "safe," at least in part — even Afghanistan.
Merkel embraces Syrian refugees with open arms, but had a far different message for Afghans during a recent news conference with their president, Ashraf Ghani, in Berlin.
She said many Afghans seeking asylum can expect to be shipped home.
Afghans may want to come to Germany for a better life, Merkel said, but her plan is to help them by sending German troops and development aid to Afghanistan.
She urged Ghani to help keep Afghans home. The German embassy in Kabul also has started a media campaign to persuade Afghans to stay put.
Mark Hauptmann, a parliament member from Merkel's party, explains the policy in two ways. First, "If we look at the people who are leaving the country, they are the young ones, the better-educated ones and those ones are needed to build up Afghanistan," he says.
"We send our troops, we send our citizens there, to protect Afghans and to create safe environments in Afghanistan," he says. "And then people from Afghanistan are coming as so-called war refugees here to Europe."
Hauptmann says nearly 128,000 Afghans came to Germany in the first 11 months of this year to apply for asylum – a third of them in November alone.
"This is not acceptable. I know that Afghanistan is not a place where we have 100 percent safety all over the country but the idea ... is to create areas where you can live secure and safe," he says.
But Afghans living in Germany say there is no safe place in their homeland for them to return now, given daily Taliban attacks, many of them in the heart of Kabul.
Obaid Abdullah, 31, is from Kabul. He now lives outside Munich. He and two of his friends met with reporters last month after a third friend was deported.
"When Germany sends us back to Kabul, we'll die," Abdullah says. "I've been gone for almost seven years and there is nothing for me there, no family, no friends. Where am I supposed to go? There are no homes for returnees, no social services, no jobs."
Abdullah says he received temporary residency status in Germany while his case was being reviewed. But since last month, authorities have demanded he report to them every two weeks, a sign they might be preparing to deport him.
How many Afghans Germany will actually deport is unclear, given its past record. Hauptmann says last year, for example, only one in five illegal Pakistani migrants who were ordered to leave were actually deported.
"Deportation is quite difficult in Germany because it's not in the power of the federal state, but in the power of the states," he says. "So this creates a lot of challenges."
He expects with pressure from Berlin, the deportation of Afghans and other illegal migrants will go up next year.
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